OpenSolaris

OpenSolaris

OpenSolaris is an open source operating system based on Solaris created by Sun Microsystems, now a part of Oracle Corporation. It is also the name of the project initiated by Sun to build a developer and user community around it.

OpenSolaris is derived from the Unix System V Release 4 codebase, with significant modifications made by Sun since it bought the rights to that code in 1994. It is the only open source System V derivative available.Open sourced components are snapshots of the latest Solaris release under development.Sun has announced that future versions of its commercial Solaris operating system will be based on technology from the OpenSolaris project.

HISTORY

OpenSolaris is based on Solaris, which was originally released by Sun in 1991. Solaris is a version of SVR4 (System V Release 4) UNIX, co-developed by Sun and AT&T. It was licensed by Sun from Novell to replace SunOS.

Planning for OpenSolaris started in early 2004. A pilot program was formed in September 2004 with 18 non-Sun community members and ran for 9 months growing to 145 external participants.

The first part of the Solaris codebase to be open sourced was the Solaris Dynamic Tracing facility (commonly known as DTrace), a tracing tool for administrators and developers that aids in tuning a system for optimum performance and utilization. DTrace was released on January 25, 2005. At that time, Sun also launched the opensolaris.org web site, and announced that the OpenSolaris code base would be released under the CDDL (Common Development and Distribution License). The bulk of the Solaris system code was released on June 14, 2005. There remains some system code that is not open sourced, and is available only as pre-compiled binary files.

A Community Advisory Board was announced on April 4, 2005: two were elected by the pilot community, two were employees appointed by Sun, and one was appointed from the broader free software community by Sun. The members were Roy Fielding, Al Hopper, Rich Teer, Casper Dik, and Simon Phipps. On February 10, 2006 Sun reestablished this body as the independent OpenSolaris Governing Board.The task of creating a governance document or "constitution" for this organization was given to the OGB and three invited members: Stephen Hahn and Keith Wesolowski (developers in Sun's Solaris organization) and Ben Rockwood (a prominent OpenSolaris community member).

On March 19, 2007, Sun announced that it had hired Ian Murdock, founder of Debian, to head Project Indiana, an effort to produce a complete OpenSolaris distribution, with GNOME and userland tools from GNU, plus a network-based package management system.[8] Several independent distributions are also available.

On May 5, 2008, OpenSolaris 2008.05 was released, in a format that could be booted as a Live CD or installed directly. It uses the GNOME desktop environment as the primary user interface. The later OpenSolaris 2008.11 release included a GUI for ZFS' snapshotting capabilities, known as Time Slider, that provides functionality similar to Mac OS X's Time Machine.

In December 2008 Sun Microsystems and Toshiba America Information Systems announced plans to distribute Toshiba laptops pre-installed with OpenSolaris. On April 1, 2009, the Tecra M10 and Portégé R600 come preinstalled with OpenSolaris 2008.11 release and several supplemental software packages. On June 1, 2009, OpenSolaris 2009.06 was released, with support for the SPARC platform.

VERSION HISTORY

Version Release date End of support phase General Availability (GA) Post End of Version (EOV) SunSpectrum End of Service Life (SS-EOSL) 2008.05 13 May 2008 13 November 2008 13 May 2011 - 2008.11 25 November 2008 25 May 2009 25 November 2011 - 2009.06 1 June 2009 1 December 2009 1 June 2012 1 June 2014 2010.03 March 2010 - -

Colour	Meaning
Red	Release no longer supported
Green	Release still supported
Blue	Future release

Ubuntu

Ubuntu (pronounced /ʊˈbʊntu/), is a computer operating system based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. It is named after the Southern African ethical ideology Ubuntu ("humanity towards others") and is distributed as free and open source software with additional proprietary software available. Ubuntu provides an up-to-date, stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. Web statistics from late 2009 suggest that Ubuntu's share of Linux desktop usage is between 40 and 50%.

Ubuntu is composed of multiple software packages, of which the vast majority are distributed under a free software license (also known as open source). The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. By keeping Ubuntu free and open source, Canonical is able to utilize the talents of community developers in Ubuntu's constituent components. Instead of selling Ubuntu for profit, Canonical creates revenue by selling technical support and from creating several services tied to Ubuntu.

Canonical endorses and provides support for three additional Ubuntu-derived operating systems: Kubuntu, Edubuntu and Ubuntu Server Edition. There are several other derivative operating systems including local language and hardware-specific versions.

Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) versions, which are released every two years, are supported for three years on the desktop and five years for servers.The latest version of Ubuntu, 9.10 (Karmic Koala), was released on October 29, 2009.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's code base.The original aim was to release a new version of Ubuntu every six months, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004.

Ubuntu releases are timed about one month after GNOME releases.In contrast to other forks of Debian, which extensively use proprietary and closed source add-ons, Ubuntu uses primarily free (libre) software, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers.

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (APT and Synaptic). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, and sometimes .deb packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,although there has been criticism that this doesn't happen often enough. In the past, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible. Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends).

Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical releases LTS versions every two years, with Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx (release number subject to change) scheduled as the next LTS version in 2010.The current regular release, Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala), was released on October 29, 2009.

WHY IS UBUNTU POPULAR?

Ubuntu focuses on usability.The Ubiquity installer allows Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment, without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. As a security feature, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, allowing the root account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.PolicyKit is also being widely implemented into the desktop to further harden the system through the principle of least privilege.

Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes OpenOffice, Firefox, Empathy (Pidgin in versions before 9.10), Transmission, GIMP (in versions prior to 10.04), and several lightweight games (such as Sudoku and chess). Additional software that is not installed by default can be downloaded using the package manager. Ubuntu allows networking ports to be closed using its firewall, with customized port selection available. End-users can install Gufw and keep it enabled. GNOME (the current default desktop) offers support for more than 46 languages.Ubuntu can also run many programs designed for Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft Office), through Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such as VMware Workstation or VirtualBox).

VERSION HISTORY

Version	Code name	Release date
4.10	Warty Warthog	2004-10-20
5.04	Hoary Hedgehog	2005-04-08
5.10	Breezy Badger	2005-10-13
6.06 LTS	Dapper Drake	2006-06-01
6.10	Edgy Eft	2006-10-26
7.04	Feisty Fawn	2007-04-19
7.10	Gutsy Gibbon	2007-10-18
8.04 LTS	Hardy Heron	2008-04-24
8.10	Intrepid Ibex	2008-10-30
9.04	Jaunty Jackalope	2009-04-23
9.10	Karmic Koala	2009-10-29
10.04 LTS	Lucid Lynx	2010-04-29

Fedora

Fedora (pronounced /fəˈdɔrə/) is an RPM-based, general purpose operating system built on top of the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the advancement of free and open source software and content as a collaborative community.

One of Fedora's main objectives is not only to contain software distributed under a free and open source license, but also to be on the leading edge of such technologies.[3][4] Fedora developers prefer to make upstream changes instead of applying fixes specifically for Fedora—this ensures that their updates are available to all GNU/Linux distributions.[5]

Fedora has a comparatively short life cycle: version X is maintained until one month after version X+2 is released. With 6 months between releases, the maintenance period is about 13 months for each version.[6]

Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good support for PowerPC when he used that processor architecture. He became accustomed to the operating system and continues to use it (as of 2008).[7]

According to Distrowatch, Fedora is the second most popular GNU/Linux-based operating system as of early 2010, behind Ubuntu.[8]

History

The Fedora Project was created in late 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued.[9] Red Hat Enterprise Linux was to be Red Hat's only officially supported GNU/Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community distribution.[9] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.

The name of Fedora derives from Fedora Linux, a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. Fedora Linux was begun in 2002 by Warren Togami as an undergraduate project, intended to provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would be easier to find, develop, and use. The key difference between the approaches of Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community. Fedora Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach. Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat. Although this had previously been disputed by the creators of the unrelated Fedora repository management software, the issue has now been resolved.

The Fedora Project is governed by a board whose majority is elected by the Fedora community.

Some websites report that the word FEDORA is an acronym: FEDORA-Flexible and Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture. (requires verification).

FEATURES

Distribution

PackageKit, the default package manager front-end on Fedora

The Fedora Project distributes Fedora in several different ways:

* Fedora DVD/CD set – a DVD or CD set of all major Fedora packages at time of shipping;

* Live images – CD or DVD sized images that can be used to create a Live CD or boot from a USB flash drive and optionally install to a hard disk;

* Minimal CD – used for installing over HTTP, FTP or NFS.

The Fedora Project also distributes custom variations of Fedora which are called Fedora spins. These are built from a specific set of software packages and have a combination of software to meet the requirements of a specific kind of end user. Fedora spins are developed by several Fedora special interest groups.It is also possible to create Live USB versions of Fedora using Fedora Live USB creator or UNetbootin.

Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) is a volunteer-based community effort from the Fedora project to create a repository of high-quality add-on packages that complement the Fedora-based Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its compatible spinoffs such as CentOS or Scientific Linux.

Software package management is primarily handled by the yum utility.Graphical interfaces, such as pirut and pup are provided, as well as puplet, which provides visual notifications in the panel when updates are available. apt-rpm is an alternative to yum, and may be more familiar to people used to Debian or Debian-based distributions, where Advanced Packaging Tool is used to manage packages. Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that packages not available in Fedora can be installed.

Software repositories

Before Fedora 7, there were two main repositories – Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that was included from Fedora Core 3, was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs. Since Fedora 7, the Core and Extras repositories have been merged, hence the distribution dropping Core from its name.That also allowed for community submissions of packages that were formerly allowed only by Red Hat developers.

Also prior to Fedora 7 being released, there was a third repository called Fedora Legacy. This repository was community-maintained and was mainly concerned with extending the life cycle of older Fedora Core distributions and selected Red Hat Linux releases that were no longer officially maintained. Fedora Legacy was shut down in December 2006.

Third party repositories exist that distribute more packages that are not included in Fedora either because it does not meet Fedora's definition of free software or because distribution of that software may violate US law. The primary third party repository and the only fully compatible ones are RPM Fusion and Livna. RPM Fusion is a joint effort by many third party repository maintainers. Livna is still maintained separately as an extension of RPM Fusion for legal reasons and only hosts the libdvdcss package for encrypted DVD playback support.

Security features

Security is one of the most important features in Fedora. One of the security features in Fedora is Security-Enhanced Linux, a Linux feature that implements a variety of security policies, including mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. Fedora is one of the distributions leading the way with SELinux. SELinux was introduced in Fedora Core 2. It was disabled by default, as it radically altered how the operating system worked, but was enabled SPARC

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a Linux distribution produced by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market, including mainframes. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86, x86-64, Itanium, PowerPC and IBM System z, and desktop versions for x86 and x86-64. All of Red Hat's official support and training, and the Red Hat Certification Program center around the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is often abbreviated to RHEL, although this is not an official designation.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 has been postponed for undisclosed reasons. Although Red Hat claims to supply major releases every 18 to 24 months, over 36 months (as of 14th March, 2010) have elapsed since the first release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5. Red Hat has not yet confirmed a release schedule.

When Red Hat releases a new version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, customers may upgrade to the new version at no additional charge as long as they are in possession of a current subscription (i.e. the subscription term has not yet lapsed).Red Hat's first Enterprise offering (Red Hat Linux 6.2E) essentially consisted of a version of Red Hat Linux 6.2 with different support levels, and without separate engineering.

The first version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux to bear the name originally came onto the market as "Red Hat Linux Advanced Server". In 2003 Red Hat rebranded Red Hat Linux Advanced Server to "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS", and added two more variants, Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES and Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS.

Verbatim copying and redistribution of the entire Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution is not permitted due to trademark restrictions. However, there are several redistributions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux—such as CentOS—with trademarked features (such as logos, and the Red Hat name) removed.

Version History

The various Red Hat Linux versions have little different Errata Support Policies. These are the versions:

Red Hat Linux 6.2E (Zoot), 27 March 2000

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 AS (Pensacola), 2002-03-26

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES (Panama), May 2003

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 (Taroon), 22 October 2003. Uses Linux kernel 2.4.21

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (Nahant), 2005-02-15 (Beta released 2004-09-27). Uses Linux 2.6.9

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (Tikanga), 2007-03-14 (Beta 1 released 2006-09-07, Beta 2 released 2006-11-16). Uses Linux 2.6.18

5.1, also known as Update 1, 2007-11-07 (Beta released 2007-10-10)

5.2, also known as Update 2, 2008-05-21 (Beta released (2008-03-13)

5.3, also known as Update 3, 2009-01-20 (Beta released 2008-10-29)

5.4, also known as Update 4, 2009-09-02 (Beta released 2009-07-01)

5.5, also known as Update 5, TBD (Beta released 2010-02-10)

Hello Everyone.....!!!

Hi...... This is the first post from the "Linux for You" Team...Stay Tuned for more updates.....:)

Battle For Wesnoth

David White who started Wesnoth back in 2003, had a vision of a free open source strategy game that had very simple rules, uses a strong artificial intelligence, challenging and fun. Wesnoth has already passed the 1 million mark for downloads. As of March 2007, the game is available in 35 different languages.

A normal Wesnoth player has

200+ unit types
16 different races
6 major factions
to choose from. Actually, you can even make your own custom units, design your own map, scenarios or even campaigns. It’s all up to your creativity. The most interesting part of any game is the ability to multiplay. You can challenge up to a total of 8 friends in multiplayer fantasy battles.

Nexuiz

Nexuiz is a free, cross platform, first person shooter distributed under GNU General Public License by Alientrap Software. It started back in May 31 2005 with version 1.0 using DarkPlaces, a significanlty modified quake engine. The current version, 2.2.3, was released on January 26, 2007. Nexuiz’s logo is based on the chinese character “力” which means strength.

Several notable features of the game include

ability to multiplay up to 64 players
ability to generate bots for practice sessions
dynamic lighting system similar to Doom 3

America’s Army

America’s Army is a tactical, multiplayer, first-person shooter owned by the United States Government and released as a global public relations initiative to help with U.S. Army recruitment. The first version, Recon, was released on 4th July 2002. The current version 2.8.1 was released on 22nd Mar 2007.

It’s the first well known computer game used for political aims. The game is used as a playable recruiting tool and critics have charged the game serves as a propaganda device. A counter on the homepage of the PC version shows over eight million registered accounts as of 2007. GameSpy tracked the game usage and reported an average of 4,500 players at any one time between 2002 and 2005. It is enough for America’s Army to rank in the Top 10 Online Games chart.

Enemy Territory : Quake Wars

is a first-person shooter follow-up to Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory. It also has the same science fiction universe as Quake 4, with a story serving as a prequel to Quake II. Quake Wars is the second multiplayer-only game in the Quake series after Quake III Arena. The gameplay is almost the same as Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory, but with the addition of controllable vehicles and aircraft, asymmetric teams, much larger maps and the option of computer-controlled bots. Enemy Territory: Quake Wars is being developed by Splash Damage for the PC using a modified version of id Software’s Doom 3 engine and MegaTexture rendering technology.

At E3 2006(Electronic Entertainment Expo), the game won the Game Critics Award for Best Online Multiplayer.

Here Document

A here document is a special-purpose code block. It uses a form of I/O redirection to feed a command list to an interactive program or a command, such as ftp, cat, or the ex text editor.
COMMAND <<< designates the limit string. This has the effect of redirecting the output of a file into the stdin of the program or command. It is similar to interactive-program < command-file, where command-file contains command #1 command #2 ... The here document alternative looks like this: #!/bin/bash interactive-program <<<.

# Bram Moolenaar points out that this may not work with 'vim'
#+ because of possible problems with terminal interaction.

Exit
The above script could just as effectively have been implemented with ex, rather than vi. Here documents containing a list of ex commands are common enough to form their own category, known as ex scripts.
#!/bin/bash
# Replace all instances of "Smith" with "Jones"
#+ in files with a ".txt" filename suffix.

ORIGINAL=Smith
REPLACEMENT=Jones

for word in $(fgrep -l $ORIGINAL *.txt)
do
# -------------------------------------
ex $word << $Newfile <<<-LimitString) suppresses leading tabs (but not spaces) in the output. This may be useful in making a script more readable. For those tasks too complex for a here document, consider using the expect scripting language, which was specifically designed for feeding input into interactive programs. Here documents To create a here document use the following syntax: command << This is a test.
> Apple juice.
> 100% fruit juice and no added sugar, colour or preservative.
> EOF
Sample outputs:
16
The <<, reads the shell input typed after the wc command at the PS2 prompts, >) up to a line which is identical to word EOF.
Here document
A here document (also called a here-document, a heredoc, a hereis, a here-string or a here-script) is a way of specifying a string literal in command line shells including all the Unix shells (sh, csh, ksh, Bash and zsh) and in programming or scripting languages such as Perl, PHP, Python and Ruby. It preserves the line breaks and other whitespace (including indentation) in the text. Some languages allow variable substitution and command substitution inside the string.
The general syntax is << followed by a delimiting identifier, followed, starting on the next line, by the text to be quoted, and then closed by the same identifier on its own line. Under the Unix shells, here documents are generally used as a way of providing input to commands Specific implementations The following provides an overview of specific implementations in different programming languages and environments. Most of these are identical or substantially similar to the general syntax specified above, although some environments provide similar functionality but with different conventions and under different names. Command line shells Unix-Shells In the following example, text is passed to the tr command using a here document. $ tr a-z A-Z < one two three
> uno dos tres
> END_TEXT
ONE TWO THREE
UNO DOS TRES
END_TEXT was used as the delimiting identifier. It specified the start and end of the here document. ONE TWO THREE and UNO DOS TRES are outputs from tr after execution.
By default variables and also commands in backticks are evaluated:
$ cat << EOF > Working dir $PWD
> EOF
Working dir /home/user
This can be disabled by quoting any part of the label. For example by setting it in single or double quotes:
$ cat << "EOF" > Working dir $PWD
> EOF
Working dir $PWD

A here document is a form of quoting that allows shell variables to be substituted. It's a special form of redirection that starts with <<<\WORD, but not on the ending line. To have the same effect the C shell expects the \ in front of WORD at both locations.

Tremulous

Tremulous is an open source team-based first-person shooter with a game play that is similar to Gloom(a quake 2 mod) and Natural Selection (a Half-Life mod). The game features two teams, humans and aliens, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. The game has been downloaded over 200,000 times and was voted “Player’s Choice Standalone Game of the Year” in Mod Database’s “Mod of the Year” 2006 competition.

How To write Shell Script

Click Here to download the manual of how to write shell script on linux Shell

this is very-very useful tutorial for shell programming.

credit goes to Rahul sir Senior faculty of computer science department ( Arya College of Engineering & I.T )

Tux Racer

Tux Racer is a newbie friendly, open source, 3D computer game starring the Linux mascot, Tux the penguin. Like many open-source games, the replay value of Tux Racer is extended by easy modification of the game. New maps can be created by making three raster images to indicate height, surface, and object placement. The last release of Tux Racer was version 0.61, 29th October 2001.

World Of Padman

WOP is a new and free comic style game that uses the Quake 3 engine. The game was recently featured in 3 German magazine covers; PC Action, ‘BRAVO Screenfun’ and ‘Linux Intern’.

X-Windows

What is X Windows?

• The X Window System is a network based graphical windowing system for workstations. It was developed by MIT and has been adopted as an industry standard.
• X is supported by a consortium of industry leaders such as DEC, Sun, IBM, Hewlett-Packard and AT&T. They have united to direct, contribute and fund the continuing development of X.
• Most UNIX machines include X as part of their operating system. If you have "windows" on your screen, chances are, you are using X, whether you are aware of it or not. It is simply "part of your environment".
• The X Window System design is based upon the client-server model:
o Client: an application program which performs a specific task. For example, three common X clients (xclock, xcalc, xterm).
o Display Server: a program which acts as the intermediary between client programs and the machine hardware. Keeps track of all user and client input/output. Ordinarily, the display server program is started automatically for you or, you start it once, and then forget about it.
• In conjunction with the X Window System, there is usually a Window Manager program which allows you to control certain X client parameters:
o size of client
o location on screen
o whether or not client is iconified
o termination of client
• The topics of X Windows and window managers are very extensive.


Getting Started Using X Windows

• Three things must be done in order to use the X Window System:
1. Start the X display server
2. Start a window manager
3. Start the first instance of the xterm terminal emulator
• Starting the X display server. This may vary depending upon your local system.
o Some systems will start the X server for you automatically and provide you with an initial login window.

o Some systems require you to start the X server manually. This is usually done with the "xinit" command. After logging in, you just type the command and let the server do the rest.
After the server has started, you will see at least one xterm, and perhaps a couple other xclients (clock, calculator, etc) too. This will depend upon your local system.
o You can tailor the manner in which the X server starts by creating a file called .xinitrc in your home directory. A sample .xinitrc from an IBM AIX system is provided HERE.
• Starting the window manager.
o A window manager is essential for working productively in the X Windows environment. Many systems will start one for you automatically.
o There are several window manager programs in wide use. Those available to you will depend upon your local system. Some common window managers are:
o
o uwm - Universal Window Manager
o twm - Tom's Window Manager
o mwm - Motif Window Manager
o awm - Ardent Window Manager
o rtl - Tiled Window Manager
o The easiest way to tell if a window manager is running is to look for a "border" around your X clients.

Some Common X Clients
A list of some common X clients appears below. Note that there are many X clients available which do not appear here. Also, some of the clients in the list below are linked to their man page. For additional information, consult an X Windows reference.
• bitmap - system bitmap editor and conversion utilities
• resize - reset terminal settings to current window size
• xbiff - mailbox flag
• xcalc - scientific calculator
• xclipboard - text clipboard
• xclock - continuous analog or digital clock
• xdm - X display manager
• xdpr - dump an X window display to a printer
• xedit - simple text editor
• xfd - font displayer
• xhost - server access control program
• xinit - X server initializer
• xkill - kill an X client
• xload - load average display
• xlogo - display the X logo
• xlsfonts - list fonts
• xmag - magnify parts of the screen
• xman - display man pages
• xmh - X Window interface to MH mail system
• xmodmap - keyboard and pointer modifier
• xpr - print an X window dump
• xprop - display window and font properties for X
• xrdb - X server resource database utility
• xrefresh - refresh all parts of an X screen
• xset - set user preference options
• xsetroot - set root window parameters
• xterm - terminal emulator window
• xwd - create X Window dump
• xwininfo - display window information

is a first person twitch based MMORPG. New players get an 8 hour trial which is enough to get anyone hooked to it. After that, you gotta pay $5 a month which is quite worthwhile, especially considering the incredibly communicative development of the game. It has a native linux installer as well as one for Macs and Windows.

Alien Arena

Alien Arena is a completely free FPS started by COR Entertainment in 2004 comprising of a science fiction ambience and a Quake like gameplay. This game is playable in single player mode against bots, but the action and thrill lies at the online multiplayer mode. Features of the Alien Arena 2007 include an internal server browser for finding other people to play online and an external program that acts as an IRC interface. There are 6 game types and 6 game mutators that changes the gameplay. Cattle Prod is a new game type that requires you to herd robotic cattle to earn points. Alien Arena 2007 is playable in Windows, Linux and FreeBSD.

Linux Commands

Click Here to download the Tutorial of all the commands used in linux command Prompt.

You can find details of all the commands in this file.

Urban Terror

A mod of Quake III Arena, Urban Terror focuses a lot on realism. Number of weapons and gear that can be carried is limited. Accuracy is reduced when fired while moving and magazines require reloading upon expension. Damage areas are identified throughout the body. Wounds require bandaging and slows down movement significantly if the damage is not bandaged. Even a stamina bar is present to indicate if the player is able to sprint or jump. Released on 1st April 2007, Urban Terror 4 introduced 4 new features namely, ‘powersliding’, new weapons, player models and improved hit detection. It also supports anti cheating tools like PunkBuster, BattleEye and RunDMC.